Clinical Trial Finder

Inclusion Criteria:

• - Ability to read and speak English to allow for written informed consent, phenotyping, and patient- reported outcomes measures.

• - Willingness to refrain from alcohol and nicotine on day of QST.

• - Willingness to refrain from physical activity or exercise that would cause muscle and/or joint soreness for 48 hours prior to testing (routine exercise or activity that does not lead to soreness is acceptable) - The investigators will attempt to recruit individuals with no chronic daily use of adjunctive pain medications, including tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and gabapentinoids as these drugs can influence QST findings, or have individuals be weaned off of these meds at least two weeks prior to being studied.

If the investigators do need to allow individuals into these cohorts while on such medications because of pragmatic issues, this information will be recorded and patients will be asked to remain on a stable dose for at least two weeks prior to QST assessments.

Exclusion Criteria:

• - Individuals receiving or applying for compensation or disability and other aspects associated with potential secondary gain.

• - Inability to provide written informed consent.

• - Peripheral neuropathy or loss of sensation in the upper or lower extremities which would preclude QST testing.

• - Severe physical impairment (e.g., blindness, deafness, paraplegia) - Co-morbid medical conditions that may significantly impair physical functional status (e.g., history of non- skin malignancy, or autoimmune disorder) - Illicit drug or unreported opioid use (unreported opioid use would be considered opioid abuse and thereby excluded) - Medical or psychiatric conditions that in the judgment of study personnel would preclude participation in this study (e.g., malignancy, psychosis, suicidal ideation) - Pregnant or nursing.

• - Liver failure.

• - Self-reported liver cirrhosis.

• - Self-reported hepatitis.

• - Severe Cardiovascular disease (examples: history of myocardial infarction, unstable angina, severe coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, or severe valvular abnormalities) that are self-reported by patient or by medical record.

• - Average daily opioid dosing of >15 mg oral morphine equivalents preoperatively (e.g., > two 5 mg oxycodone tablets/day or > three 5 mg hydrocodone tablets/day).

Conversions will be made based on well-accepted conversion tools used previously. The rationale to include some patients taking low dose opioids is to enhance the generalizability of the findings (opioids are common in patients with many pain states), while not causing confounding by including patients on very high doses of opioids which may be a cause of opioid induced hyperalgesia which closely resembles central sensitization

Fibromyalgia can be thought of as a centralized pain state where pain is manifested and experienced in different body regions at different times. Individuals with centralized pain feel more pain than would be normally expected based on the level of nociceptive input. Music has previously been shown to have a positive effect on pain, anxiety, and depression in chronic pain patients. However, the impact of music listening on objective measures of pain sensitivity in patients with chronic pain have not yet been described. The goal of this pilot study is to begin to understand the possible analgesic effects of music listening on objective measures of pain sensitivity in patients with fibromyalgia. Previous studies in patients with FM have shown that patients have reduced self-reported pain, increased mobility, and activation of the descending pain modulatory system in the brain after even a short, 5 to10-minute music listening intervention. Our proposed study will be the first to investigate whether objectively measured pain sensitivity is reduced by music listening in these patients. This two-arm parallel randomized controlled pilot study will enroll 40 patients with fibromyalgia. Patients' pain thresholds and sensitivity will be measured using a battery of quantitative sensory tests (QST). All patients will have two testing sessions: one under testing as usual conditions with no-sound, and one while listening to either instrumental Classical music, selected by the researchers with careful consideration of the musical characteristics, or a nature sound placebo control condition. This careful experimental design will allow us to test whether music listening elicits greater analgesic effects over simple auditory distraction. To minimize potential bias the investigators will employ sound cancelling headphones and randomization of conditions so that the researcher collecting the QST measures will be blinded to whether the patient is hearing music, nature sounds, or nothing. The proposed study is significant as it will identify whether music listening has an analgesic effect during pain threshold and tolerance testing for patients with FM that supercedes any effect of auditory distraction. Results from the proposed study may provide objective evidence that music listening objectively improves analgesia and pain management and thus could be considered therapeutic during situations where acute pain is expected

Arms

Experimental: Music

The investigators will manipulate the audio environment the participant experiences 10 minutes before and throughout pain threshold testing (~1 hour). All participants will have one testing session with silence (testing as usual control). On the other testing session, participants will hear music. The musical selections will be professional recordings of instrumental Classical music selected by the researcher. All participants will hear the same pieces in the same order. Instrumentation ranges from piano solo to full orchestra, but they are without lyrics or heavy percussion. Pitch ranges across the pieces, but is standard across participants and not controlled by either the participant or the researcher. Tempo for all of the pieces is slow (~60 beats per minute). The pieces are in either major keys or minor keys, but all consist primarily of consonant harmonies and sustained melodic phrases. Participants will control the volume to their individual comfort level.

Placebo Comparator: Nature Sounds

The investigators will manipulate the audio environment the participant experiences 10 minutes before and throughout pain threshold testing (~1 hour). All participants will have one testing session with silence (testing as usual control). On the other testing session, participants will hear nature sounds. Professional recordings of nature sounds selected by the researcher without added music will be used as the active placebo control condition. All participants will hear the same recording. This active control condition will allow for non-musical analgesic effects, such as distraction, to be controlled in the experimental design. Participants will control the volume to their individual comfort level.

Interventions

Behavioral: - Music Listening

Participants will have pain threshold testing while listening to silence, music, or nature sounds.