By identifying the patients for whom the model predicts a significant progression the
investigators could focus their efforts on being more pro-active towards brace wear for those
at risk of progression. With the advent of new growth modulation techniques, these patients
could also potentially receive early management of their curves to prevent further
progression and diminish the need for surgical correction and fusion of their curve.
Alternatively, by identifying the patients that will not progress immediately at the first
visit, the investigators could arguably decrease their number needed to treat from 4 to 2 by
removing those patients that won't progress no matter what their treatment is. So, the
prediction model will not only have an impact for the patients at risk of progression but
will also impact those that are braced despite having a low risk of progression.
Patient enrollment:
Patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be offered enrollment in the project. If the
family wishes to enroll in the project, the informed consent process will be undertaken and
the patient will be enrolled.
If Patients need to be treated with brace No changes in the usual treatment and monitoring
will be instituted. Therefore, patients will be allowed to undergo brace treatment. The
investigators are aware that brace treatment could have an impact on curve progression but
these patients are still included as progression despite brace treatment may give meaningful
information regarding these difficult-to-treat curves. Patient under brace treatment will
have to remove brace at least the night before their appointment and follow-up spine
radiographs. Also the protocol requires that patients have at least one spine radiograph out
of brace every 12 months. Bracing compliance will be evaluated as a specific covariable in
the upcoming study. To better understand the impact of bracing on progression, the
investigators will be using brace monitors, pressure sensitive transducers that can monitor
brace wear and brace effectiveness, in their multicenter study and use the data generated by
these monitors as a co-factor in an improved prediction model.
If patients need to have surgery Although patients showing sufficient curve progression to
undergo surgical correction will not be kept in the prospective cohort after surgery, their
data will still be analyzed to assess the correlation between local 3-D measurements and
curve progression.
-Data collection. Data collected at first visit will include:
- - body-mass index (weight and height)
- family history.
- - sexual maturity (start of menses for girls)
- rib prominence.
- - initial radiographic evaluation.
Data collected at each follow-up visit (ideally every 6
months)
- - body-mass index (weight and height)
- menarchal status,
- skeletal maturity.
- - Radiographic evaluation (at least every 12 months during the study period, without
brace).
- - Image acquisition and transfer to central measurement site.
Image acquisition is
standardized between sites according to standard operating procedures. All images
are acquired with the EOS™ system in the same fashion based on the position
proposed by Horton et al. that standardized lateral radiographs by using a
hand-on-clavicle position. The radiographs are all taken in the same way thus
minimizing variability. For the centers without an EOS™ system for part or for the
entire study, utilization of calibration belts will allow radiographs to be taken
in a calibrated environment. The position used for image acquisition is the same as
for the EOS™ system.
- - Three-dimensional reconstructions of the spine The stereo radiographic images are
used to create an external three-dimensional representation of the vertebral body
using a specific algorithm.
First, a spline is fitted through the centers of the
vertebral bodies both on the PA and lateral views. The information from both images
is then used to reconstruct a 3-D spline or curve which will act as a rough
three-dimensional scaffold onto which the local vertebral and intervertebral
reconstructions will take place. The vertebral endplates are represented by a crude
preliminary model of the spine by using a set of cubic templates roughly
representing each vertebral body stacked on top of one another to form the spinal
column. A global configuration of the deformable spine model is thus described for
each cubic template associated with each vertebral level. The final reconstruction
can then be completed using a priori knowledge from a database of scoliotic and
normal vertebrae that were measured by the investigator's research group. The a
priori knowledge model relies on the description of each vertebra by a deformable
model, which incorporates statistical knowledge about its geometrical structure and
its pathological variability. The statistically optimized reconstructions will be
used to determine the intervertebral disk shape at each level.
- - Three-dimensional stereoradiographic reconstructions of the pelvis.
The pelvis will be reconstructed in 3-D for all normal and AIS subjects using a combination
of the Non-Stereo Corresponding Points (NSCP) and Non-Stereo Corresponding Contours (NSCC)
methods, which were successfully by the investigator's team to reconstruct the spine in 3D.
Preliminary evaluation of the technique gave an overall accuracy of 1,6 mm, which is adequate
for the calculation of clinical geometric indices of the pelvis. Four steps are required with
this 3D reconstruction technique:
1. Identification of seven specific regions of the pelvis;
2. Display of a preliminary model with 45 control points. The control points can be
modified in real time by the user (NSCP);
3. Interactive identification of regional contours (NSCC);
4. Generation of the personalized 3D pelvic model by deforming a generic 3D pelvic model
using 3D geometrical kriging.
- - Local three-dimensional measurements of the vertebrae and disks:
The calculated parameters were divided into six categories.
Each category refers to global
(whole spine), regional (scoliotic segment) and local (vertebra) descriptors. Vertebra
centroid is understood as the halfway point between the centers of the two endplates of the
vertebra. The local vertebra axis system is defined by the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)
3D terminology group: the origin is at the centroid of the vertebral body, the local 'z' axis
passes through the centers of the upper and lower endplates, and 'y' axis is parallel to a
line joining similar landmarks on the bases of the right and left pedicles.
1. Cobb Angles: Cobb angles defined as the angle between the upper and lower endplate of
the respective end vertebrae of a curve. Cobb angle was measured in the frontal plane,
in the plane of maximal deformation in 3D and in the sagittal plane for thoracic
kyphosis (T4-T12) and lumbar lordosis (L1-S1).
2. Plane of maximal deformation: Axial angle of the plane in which the Cobb angle is
maximal.
3. Three-dimensional wedging of vertebral body and disk: Wedging of the apical vertebral
body in the plane of maximal deformation (3D plane) and mean maximal 3D wedging of the
two apical intervertebral disks. Maximal 3D wedging represents the wedging measured in
the plane, wherein the wedging value is maximal around the vertical axis. If apex was a
disk, then the mean of the 3D wedging of both apical vertebral bodies was calculated and
only the 3D wedging of the apical disk was documented. 3D disk wedging was analyzed for
all levels of the spine (from T1-T2 to L4-L5).
4. Axial intervertebral rotation of the apex, upper and lower junctional level and
thoracolumbar level: Rotation between two adjacent vertebrae at upper, apical, and lower
curve levels and thoracolumbar junction (T12-L1) in the axial plane according to the
inferior local vertebrae reference.
5. Torsion: Mean of the sum of intervertebral axial rotation (measured according to the
local referential of the inferior vertebrae) of the two hemicurvatures of the curve
(between upper end vertebra and apex and between lower end vertebra and apex).
6. Slenderness (local T6, T12 and L4 and regional T1-L5): Ratio between the height
(distance between the superior and inferior endplates at the center of the vertebrae)
and the width (measured at the center of the vertebrae using a line perpendicular to the
height line in medio lateral direction) of the vertebral body for T6, T12 and L4
vertebrae. Ratio between the length of the spine from T1 to L5 and the mean of the width
of vertebral bodies of T6-T12 and L4. The same measurement was made by replacing the
width by the depth (a line perpendicular to the height line at the center of the
vertebra in an anteroposterior direction).
- - Geometric pelvic indices:
Geometric pelvic indices will be calculated automatically with the generation of the 3D
pelvic model.
Indices describing the orientation of the pelvis in 3D (positional indices),
based on the line joining the center of both femoral heads (hip axis), will be calculated
first. Pelvic axial rotation is the orientation of the hip axis around the vertical axis
(gravity line) as viewed in the transverse plane. Pelvic obliquity is the orientation of the
hip axis around the horizontal line as viewed from the coronal plane. Pelvic tilt is the
orientation of the pelvis around the medio-lateral axis of the pelvis as viewed from the
sagittal plane. In this last case, at least another landmark from the pelvis (such as the
center of the upper sacral plate) needs to be identified in addition to the hip axis. The
sacral slope (angle between the upper sacral plate and the horizontal line is also calculated
since it is highly correlated with lumbar lordosis. Sacral obliquity is the angle between the
upper sacral plate and the horizontal line. Morphological indices of the pelvis (not
dependent on the patient's position) are computed in a reference coordinate system based on
the hip axis orientation, in order to eliminate the effect of pelvic axial rotation and
obliquity. This means that transformation into the reference coordinate system allows
calculation of morphological indices in the true coronal, axial and sagittal planes of the
pelvis. The investigators selected the pelvis as their reference system based on the pelvic
vertebra principle from Dubousset, which states that the pelvis can be viewed as a separate
vertebra. As described earlier, numerous morphologic parameters of the pelvis have been used
in the past, as detailed in Tables I to
- III. Of these, after a thorough review of the
literature, the investigators selected what they consider the 7 most pertinent specific
indices.
The investigators based their decision on the potential association of the pelvic
indices with the pathogenesis of AIS. Since they demonstrated the close relationship between
pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis in AIS, the investigators selected morphological indices
of the pelvis that are correlated with the spine geometry.
